The communication of the large international urban destinations in Twitter
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study object of this work is to analyze the communication strategy applied by large urban tourist destinations through Twitter, considered one of the main microblogging tools in the world. For this, the activity, the most used topics, the formats, and the ability to generate interaction with users and potential visitors are examined. As a methodological technique, the content analysis of the official accounts of the destinations included in the study 'City Tourism Performance Research' is proposed, which includes success stories in urban tourism, to which is added Malaga, for having been chosen by the European Commission as the Capital of Intelligent Tourism. In total, 669 tweets published between the months of September and October 2019 in the official Twitter profiles of the following cities are analyzed: Berlin, Bogotá, Buenos Aires, Copenhagen, Cape Town, Hangzhou, Linz, Málaga, Marrakech, Beijing, Tianjin, Tokyo, and Turin. It is observed that the destinations studied interact little with their followers, and hardly generate conversation. Twitter continues to be used more as an information panel than as a channel for interaction with tourists. It is concluded that this network is in decline as a means of communication for tourist destinations since the territories maintain a more intuitive than strategic presence in this social network despite the possibilities that the network offers in active listening and for planning.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The main author must deliver the letter of transfer of copyright, according to the model provided by Vivat Academia, Revista de comunicación, which declares the transfer of copyright to the journal and make explicit the rights of authors regarding the dissemination and use of the manuscript once published.
Creative Commons Attribution/Non Commercial 4.0 International
References
Akehurst, G. (2009). User generated content: the use of blogs for tourism organizations and tourism consumers. Service Bussiness, 3 (1), 51–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0054-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-008-0054-2
Altamirano, V. y Túñez-López, M. (2016). Promoción y difusión turística en los países de Iberoamérica a través de los medios sociales. International Journal of Information Systems and Tourism (IJIST), 1 (1), 76-90. http://www.uajournals.com/ojs/index.php/ijist/article/view/122
Antoniadis, K., Vrana, V. y Zafiropoulos, K. (2014). Promoting European Countries´ Destinations Image through Twitter. European Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Recreation, 5 (1), 85-103.
Antoniadis, K., Vrana, V. y Zafiropoulos, K. (2015). Communities of followers in tourism twitter accounts of European countries. European Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Recreation, 6 (1), 11-26.
Ballesteros Herencia, C. A. (2018). El índice de engagement en redes sociales, una medición emergente en la comunicación académica y organizacional. Razón y Palabra, 22, 96-124. https://www.revistarazonypalabra.org/index.php/ryp/article/view/1261/1280
Beerli, A. y Martín, J. D. (2004). Tourists characteristic and the perceived image of tourist destinations: a quantitative analysis –A case study of Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25, 623-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2003.06.004
Beklona, S. (2005). Cohort analysis of online travel information search behavior: 1995-2000. Journal of Travel Research, 44 (2), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278995
Blain, C., Levy, S. E. y Brent Ritchie, J. R. (2005). Destination Branding: Insights and Practices from Destination Management Organizations. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 328-338. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505274646 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505274646
Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21 (1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3
Buhalis, D. y Law, R. (2008). Progress in information technology and tourism management: 20 years on and 10 years after the Internet - the state of eTourism research. Tourism Management, 29 (4), 609-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.01.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2008.01.005
Castelló-Martínez, A., Del Pino-Romero, C. y Ramos-Soler, I. (2014). Twitter como canal de comunicación corporativa y publicitaria. Communication & Society, 27 (2), 21-54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15581/003.27.35994
Carson, D. (2008). The 'blogosphere' as a market research tool for tourism destinations: a case study of Australia's Northern Territory. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 14 (2), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766707087518 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766707087518
Chan, N. L. y Guillet, B. D. (2011). Investigation of Social Media Marketing: How Does the Hotel Industry in Hong Kong Perform in Marketing on Social Media Websites? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 28 (4), 345-368. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.571571 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2011.571571
Chiu, C., Chiu, N. H., Sung, R. J. y Hsieh, P. Y. (2015). Opinion mining of hotel customer-generated contents in Chinese weblogs. Current Issues Tourism, 18 (5), 477–495. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.841656 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.841656
Chung, J. Y. y Buhalis, D. (2008). Information needs in online social networks. Information Technology and Tourism, 10(4), 267-282. https://doi.org/10.3727/109830508788403123 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/109830508788403123
Claster, W., Pasrdo, P., Cooper, M. y Tajeddini, K. (2013). Tourism, travel and tweets: algorithmic text analysis methodologies in tourism. Middle East J. Manage, 1(1), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.1504/MEJM.2013.054071 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1504/MEJM.2013.054071
Crompton, J. (1992). Structure of vacation destination choice sets. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 420-434. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90128-C DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90128-C
Cruz, G. P. (2005). Promoción de destinos turísticos de la Web: estrategias e indicadores para los destinos turísticos brasileños (tesis doctoral). Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, España.
Da Cruz, G., Velozo, T. y Falcao Soares, A. E. (2011). Twitter, Youtube e innovación en la promoción turística online. Análisis de las estrategias del Ministerio de Turismo de Brasil. Estudios y Perspectivas en Turismo, 20 (3), 627-642. https://www.estudiosenturismo.com.ar/PDF/V20/N03/v20n3a06.pdf
De San Eugenio Vela, J. (2011). Comunicación y Territorio. En De San Eugenio, J. (Ed.), Manual de comunicación turística: de la información a la persuasión, de la promoción a la emoción, pp. 53-72. Girona: Documenta.
Domínguez, T. y Araújo, N. (2012). El fenómeno 2.0 en el sector turístico. El caso de Madrid 2.0. Pasos. 10 (3), 225-237. https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.031 DOI: https://doi.org/10.25145/j.pasos.2012.10.031
Fernández-Cavia, J. (2011). Ciudades, regiones y países como marcas: luces y sombras del place branding. En De San Eugenio-Vela (Ed.), Manual de comunicación turística: de la información a la persuasión, de la promoción a la emoción (pp. 103-113). Girona: Documenta.
Estebaranz, J. y Ramilo, M. (2013). Gobiernos y administraciones locales vascas en las redes sociales. En Criado, J. I., y Rojas, F. (Eds.), Las redes sociales digitales en la gestión y las políticas públicas: avances y desafíos para un gobierno abierto (pp. 82-101). Barcelona, España: Escola d’Administració Pública de Catalunya.
Fernández, R. (2019). Twitter: número de usuarios mensualmente activos T1 2011-T1 2019. Statista.com. https://es.statista.com/estadisticas/513581/twitter-usuarios-mensualmente-activos-por-trimestres/
Fernández-Cavia, J. y Huertas-Roig, A. (2014). La gestión de las marcas de destino y de territorio desde la perspectiva de las relaciones públicas. Comunicació: Revista de Recerca i d'Análisi, 31 (1), 9-26.
García Mogedas, C. (2015). Análisis de redes sociales en CB Sevilla y Unicaja de Málaga. Universidad de Sevilla, (49), 20-22. https://goo.gl/gFTLb3
Gibbs, C. y Dancs, A. (2013). Understanding destination management organizations use of Twitter: a content analysis of Twitter accounts. TTRA Canada Conference 2013 Academic Papers proceedings of the Travel and Tourism Research Association Conference, 16-18 October, Ottawa, 14-23.
Guerrero-Solé, F. y Fernández-Cavia, J. (2013). Activity and influence of destination brands on Twitter: a comparative study of nine Spanish destinations. En Xiang, Z. y Tussyadiah, I. (Eds.), Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2014 (pp. 227–236). Suiza: Springer International Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03973-2_17
Hargittai, E. y Litt, E. (2012). Becoming a tweep. How prior online experiences influence Twitter uses. Information, Communication & Society, 15 (5), 680–702. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.666256 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2012.666256
Hays, B. (2010). Twitter Twitter – but who is listening? A review of the current and potential use of Twittering as a tourism marketing tool. CAUTHE 2010 20th International Research Conference: ‘Challenge the Limits’, University of Tasmania.
Hays, S., Page, S. J. y Buahlis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations. Current issues in tourism, 16 (3), 211-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.662215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2012.662215
Heung, V. C. S. (2003). Internet Usage by International Travellers: Reasons and Barriers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 15 (7), pp. 370-378. https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110310496015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/09596110310496015
Holloway, Y. J. C. y Robinson, C. (1995). Marketing for Tourism. Londres: Longman.
Huertas-Roig, A. (2014). La comunicación de los territorios, los destinos y sus marcas. Guía práctica de aplicación desde las relaciones públicas.
Barcelona: DIRCOM-UOC.
Huertas-Roig, A. (2016). La comunicación de los destinos turísticos y sus marcas a través de los medios sociales. Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.ene.02
Hvass, K. A. y Munar, A. M. (2012). The takeoff of social media in tourism. Journal of vacation marketing, 18 (2), 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766711435978 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766711435978
Igartua, J. J. (2006). Métodos cuantitativos de investigación en comunicación. Barcelona: Bosch.
Kaldis, K., Boccorh, R. y Buhalis, D. (2003). Technology Enabled Distribution of Hotels. An Investigation of the Hotel Sector in Athens, Greece. En Information and Communications Technologies in Tourism 2003 (pp. 280—287) Viena: Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6027-5_30
Kardon, B. (2007). They’re saying nasty things. Marketing News, 41 (20), 30.
Kim, J. y Connolly, D. (2013). The 2013 customer engagement technology study. Hospitality Technology, 3–22.
Kirilenko, A. P. y Stepchenkova, S. O. (2014). Public microblogging on climate change: one year of twitter worldwide. Global Environment Change, 26, 171–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.02.008
Krikorian, R. (2013). New tweets per second record, and how! Twitter Eng. Blog, https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/a/2013/new-tweets-per-second-record-and-how.html
Krippendorf, K. (2001). Metodología de análisis de contenido. Teoría y práctica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H. y Moon, S. (2010). What is Twitter, a Social Network or a News Media? WWW 2010, April 26–30, 591-600. Raleigh, Carolina del Norte: Estados Unidos.
Ladhari, R. y Michaud, M. (2015). eWOM effects on hotel booking intentions, attitudes, trust, and website perceptions. Int. J. Hospitality Manage, 46, 36–45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.01.010
Leung, D., Law, R. M., Van Hoof, H. y Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media in tourism and hospitality: A literature review. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30 (1-2), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.750919 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.750919
Lexhagen, M. (2008). Customer perceived value of travel and tourism websites. European Tourism Research Institute.
Lim, Y., Chung, Y. y Weaver, P. (2012). The impact of social media on destination branding: Consumer-generated videos versus destination marketer-generated videos. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 18 (3), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712449366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766712449366
Marine-Roig, E. y Huertas-Roig, A. (2016). Metodologías de análisis. En A. Huertas (Ed.), La comunicación de los destinos turísticos y sus marcas a través de los medios sociales (pp. 9-16). Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgil.
Martínez-Valeria, L. (2012). Estrategias de promoción turística a través de Facebook. Palabra clave, 15 (2), 318-338. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2012.15.2.5
Martínez-Sala, A. M. y Campillo-Alhama, C. (2018). La gestión de las redes sociales turísticas desde la perspectiva de las relaciones públicas 2.0: la importancia de diálogo. Revista Internacional de Relaciones Públicas, 8 (16), 5-26. http://revistarelacionespublicas.uma.es/index.php/revrrpp/article/view/555
Mendes Thomas, G., Augusto Biz, A. y Gándara, M. G. (2013). Innovación en la promoción turística en medios y redes sociales. Un estudio comparativo entre destinos turísticos. Estudios y perspectivas en turismo, 22 (1), 102-119.
Miguez, M. I., Mariné-Roig, E. y Huertas-Roig, A. (2014). ¿Utilizan los destinos turísticos los medios sociales para crear diálogo con sus públicos? Estudio de los top post de Facebook y Twitter de los destinos turísticos españoles. En TURITEC 2014. X Congreso de Turismo y Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones, (pp. 108-121). Málaga: Universidad de Málaga.
Mill, R. C. y Morrison, A. M. (2012). The tourism system. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall.
Millwood, P., Marchiori, E. y Zach, F. (2013). A Comparison of Social Media Adoption and Use in Different Countries: The Case of the United States and Switzerland. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 30, 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.751287 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2013.751287
Munar, A. M. (2012). Social media strategies and destination management. Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 12 (2), 101-120. https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2012.679047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2012.679047
Munar, A. M. y Jacobsen, S. J. K. (2014). Motivations for sharing tourism experiences through social media. Tourism Management, 43, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.01.012
Naveira, A. (2020). Historia de Twitter: de un comienzo brillante a los rumores sobre un futuro incierto. Marketing4Ecommerce. https://marketing4ecommerce.net/historia-de-twitter/
Olabe, F. M. y Márquez López, J. A. (2019): Integración de Twitter y Facebook en la comunicación de la administración local: el Ayuntamiento de Elche como caso de estudio, Miguel Hernández Communication Journal, 10 (1), 57-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21134/mhcj.v10i0.275 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21134/mhcj.v10i0.275
Orellana, D. M. y Sánchez, M. C. (2006). Técnicas de recolección de datos en entornos virtuales más usadas en la investigación cualitativa. Revista de Investigación Cualitativa, 24 (1), 205-222. https://revistas.um.es/rie/article/view/97661
Paniagua-Rojano, F. J. y Huertas-Roig, A. (2018). El contenido de los medios sociales de los destinos turísticos y la búsqueda de información de los usuarios. Cuadernos de Turismo, 41, 513-534. http://doi.org/10.6018/turismo.41.327131 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6018/turismo.41.327131
Philander, K. y Zhong, Y. Y. (2016). Twitter sentiment analysis: Capturing sentiment from integrated resort tweets. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 55, pp 16–24. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2016.02.001
Rabanser, U. y Ricci, F. (2005). Recommender Systems: Do They Have a Viable Business Model in E-Tourism? En Information and Communications Technologies in Tourism 2005 (pp. 160-171). Viena: Springer-Verlag. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-211-27283-6_15
Regueira, J. (2019). La decadencia de Twitter: de la información al show. Madrid: Javierregueira.com. https://www.javierregueira.com/decadencia-twitter/
Ritchie, J. R. B. y Crouch, G. I. (2003). The Competitive Destination: A Sustainable Tourism Perspective, Wallingford, Reino Unido: CABI Publishing. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851996646.0000
Rodríguez, F. y De la Morena, M. (2014). Gestión de marca y redes sociales. Análisis y monitorización de la cuenta de Twitter @Renfe. En Díaz Cuesta, J. y Gaona Pisonero, C. (Ed.), Creatividad e innovación en el espacio publicitario (pp. 137-159). Madrid: ACCI.
Savin, E. (2013). Places going viral: Twitter usage patterns in destination marketing and place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(3), 227 – 239. http://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2012-0037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2012-0037
Shea, K., Roxbur, S. H. y Rauschert, E. S. J. (2004). Moving from pattern to process: coexistence mechanisms under intermediate disturbance regimes. Ecology Letters, 7, 491-508. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00600.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00600.x
Sotiriadis, S. M. D. y Van Zyl, C. (2013) Electronic Word-of-Mouth and Online Reviews in Tourism Services: The Use of Twitter by Tourists. Electronic Commerce Research, 13, 103-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9108-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10660-013-9108-1
Thelwall, M., Buckey, K. y Paltoglou, G. (2011). Sentiment in Twitter events. American Society for Information Science and Technology, 62 (2), 406–418. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21462
UNWTO y WTCF (2017). City Tourism Performance Research. Madrid: UNWTO.
Xiang, Z. y Gretzel, U. (2010). Role of social media in online travel information search. Tourism Managament, 31 (2), 179-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.016
Xiang, Z. y Pan, B. (2011). Travel queries on cities in the United States: Implications for search engine marketing for tourist destinations. Tourism Management, 32 (1), 88-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.12.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.12.004
Yayly, A., Bayram, M. y Bayram, Ü. (2011). How social media works in destination marketing? A content analysis on Twitter. 10th International Marketing Trends Congress. París, Francia.
Yoo, K. H. y Gretzel, U. (2009). What motivates consumers to write online travel reviews? Information Technology & Tourism, 10, 283–296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/109830508788403114 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3727/109830508788403114
Wang, F., Head, M. y Arthur, N. (2002). E-tailing: an analysis of web impacts on the retail market. Journal of Business Strategies, 19 (1), 73-93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54155/jbs.19.1.73-93
Wang, Y., Norcie, G., Komanduru, S., Acquisti, A., León, P. G. y Cranor, L. F. (2011). I regretted the minute I pressed share: a qualitative study of regrets on facebook. En Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security, SOUPS ’11 (pp.10:1– 10:16). ACM. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2078827.2078841
Wang, J., Gu, Q. y Wang, G. (2013). Potential power and problems in sentiment mining of social media. Int. J. Strateg. Decis. Sci. (IJSDS), 4 (2), 16–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2013040102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4018/jsds.2013040102
Weng, J., Lim, E. P., Jiang, J. y He, Q. (2010). Twitterrank: finding topic-sensitive influential twitterers. En Proceedings of the Third ACM InternationalConference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 261-270). ACM, febrero 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1718487.1718520
Wichels, S. (2014). Cómo las redes sociales están cambiando la comunidad hotelera. Revista Internacional de Tecnología, Ciencia y Sociedad, 3 (2), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.37467/gka-revtechno.v3.1185 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37467/gka-revtechno.v3.1185
Wigley, S. y Lewis, B. K. (2012). Rules of engagement: Practice what you tweet. Public Relations Review, 38 (1), 165-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.08.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2011.08.020